Dr. Jennifer Selegeon, a practicing pediatrician for 20 years and clinical advisor to the digital pediatric platform ParentMD, says, “One of the most important things we can do for our overall health is learning good sleep hygiene. This starts during infancy.” She explains that sleep is important for our development, our mental health, our immune system, and our body systems.

Co-founder of Sleepy Planet Parenting, Jennifer Waldburger, MSW, concurs, explaining that proper shut-eye helps babies thrive on every level: physically, neurologically, and socially. That’s why her company’s mission is to help children “learn good sleep skills with a minimum of tears.”

So now that we’ve met our guides, let’s dig into exactly why babies cry in their sleep and suggestions for what to do when you hear those midnight calls.

1. Your baby is moving into a different phase of sleep.

You’re feeling ready for the different phases your baby will go through during infancy, but how about the different sleep phases? Young babies experience two cycles of sleep: active sleep and quiet sleep. During active sleep (or REM sleep), your baby may dream, their eyes might move rapidly back and forth, or they might make the cutest of noises that you should definitely record to share with the grandparents on Tinybeans. During quiet sleep, your baby sleeps deeply, but it’s during these transitions that crying may occur, Waldburger explains.

“Because the cycles repeat every 45-50 minutes, that means baby is shifting from quiet to active sleep often throughout the night,” Waldburger begins, “so it’s not uncommon to hear baby whimpering throughout the night—this is nothing to worry about.” Dr. Segeleon says babies will often cry in their sleep, and this does not always mean that something is wrong. “Crying during sleep can be perfectly normal, and newborns start off with short sleep cycles and can wake frequently.”

To determine if your baby is crying because of shifting sleep cycles, check to see if their eyes are still closed and listen to your little one’s cries. “What’s more common in some younger babies is an occasional light whimper while keeping their eyes closed. This usually means that baby is shifting from one sleep cycle to the next,” Waldburger says.

2. Your baby is hungry.

Waldburger says if your little one’s cry is louder than a whimper, consider whether or not your baby could be hungry. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that most babies need to eat every 2 to 4 hours. This means that your little one may wake up feeling a little “hangry” several times during the night.

A good rule when trying to decide if your baby’s sleepy cry is due to hunger and should be addressed is to wait and see if your little one continues to cry or is able to settle down quickly. If your infant’s belly is feeling empty, it’ll be tough for them to fall back asleep without this need being met. Waldburger says a louder cry usually means that the baby is awake (or almost awake), even if their eyes are still closed. That’s when it’s time to check your schedule and prep for a feeding session.

3. Your baby is teething.

The drool, the crankiness, and the gnawing on your shirt collar have begun—your baby is teething. Babies start teething around 4 to 8 months of age, per the Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles. This lasts until 30-36 months when that last set of molars appears. Some symptoms of your baby teething are loss of appetite, ear rubbing, and yup, you guessed it… sleep disruptions. Dr. Segeleon reassures that teething can trigger crying during sleep, and Waldburger adds that when it comes to teething, we differentiate between ongoing/chronic teething and active teething.

“In chronic teething, there can be some movement of teeth with small spikes of pain or discomfort,” she says. She goes on to explain that this kind of teething could lead to lighter crying, and there isn’t anything you need to do here. In active teething, however, when a tooth is breaking through the gum, this pain can cause your child to cry more intensely. During this type of crying, your kiddo’s eyes will more than likely be open (and they’ll be awake), so Waldburger suggests going to your baby right away to offer comfort, milk, or a pain reliever if your pediatrician has recommended that and guided you on the dosage.

4. Your baby is in a sleep regression.

Your baby was such a good sleeper that you were almost too embarrassed to tell your mom friends. Now, out of the blue, your super-sleeper is waking up and crying more often than you reheat your morning coffee. Sleep regression can be triggered when your infant reaches new milestones or when your baby’s sleep patterns change, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Crying and fussing while sleeping during a sleep regression is common, and it can be hard to tell if baby needs your comfort or needs space to self-soothe.

“Crying during sleep when nothing is really wrong should be short and is typically more of a whimper or brief crying out,” Dr. Selegeon says. As long as you know that the baby’s needs are met, you can wait a few minutes or more to see if they’re able to settle themselves without any intervention. Dr. Selegeon says that if the crying is sustained, or if it sounds like your baby may be in distress, it’s alright to check on them. If you’re still not sure how to handle your baby’s sleepy cries during a sleep regression, talk to your pediatrician to decide whether or not your baby is old enough to learn how to self-soothe to fall back to sleep on their own (at which point you can consider sleep training) or if they still need your comfort when falling asleep.

5. Your baby is overtired or overstimulated.

When your baby crosses over into the world of The Overtired, it can feel like you’re in a weird world of your own. Schedule changes, long periods without power naps, or being overstimulated can all contribute to this state, and you might hear some sleep-crying from your infant even though their eyes are shut tight and you believe them to be asleep. “Sometimes overtired babies are more likely to cry a bit in their sleep,” Waldburger says.

Since overtiredness (and overstimulation) can both cause your baby to cry in their sleep, do your best to intervene early. “Try to get baby down for sleep 10 to 15 minutes before you typically see red eyes, yawning, and fussy behavior—all of which are actually cues that baby is already overtired,” Waldburger says.

What should you do when your baby cries in their sleep?

Hearing your baby whimper, cry, or softly moan while sleeping can be unsettling. As parents, we can struggle with how best to comfort and support our infants. Dr. Segeleon says if you hear your baby crying in their sleep to first take a pause and see if they can settle themselves before you rush in and disturb their sleep pattern. “Listen for signs of true distress, because you’ll learn to differentiate your baby’s cries and needs with time and experience,” she assures. You can also double-check the room temperature, make sure your baby’s swaddle is still, well… swaddled, or confirm your little one isn’t gassy.

Waldburger reminds parents that if the baby is lightly whimpering and still asleep, there’s absolutely nothing you need to do. “Sometimes trying to comfort a baby in this case will wake them all the way up—making it harder for them to return to sleep.” If your baby’s needs have been met and they still continue crying lightly for 5 to 10 minutes, try placing a hand on your baby’s tummy, use some very gentle motion, and offer a “shhh” or two.

It’s good for parenting peace of mind to know that most babies will outgrow this sleep-crying phase by the time they’re 4 to 5 months old. In the meantime, both experts say that if you have any questions or concerns about your little one crying in their sleep, contact your pediatrician for more advice.

Newborns can do some unusual things that are, in fact, totally normal. The fourth trimester is especially full of developmental shifts, and you might wonder if you should freak out when your baby looks at you crossed-eyed or just roll with it. As babies grow and change, so do their bodies, which is why we’ve listed the unexpected things babies do that you should know about. This way you can take these 10 things off your “worry to-do list” and relax a little more into the joy of parenting your little one.

1. Lose hair

If your newborn’s hairline is losing inches or you’ve noticed your baby has a bald spot, don’t worry—there’s no need to sign your little one up for the Baby Hair Loss Club. It’s actually perfectly normal for infants to lose some or even all of their hair in the first months of their life. According to HealthyChildren.org, your baby’s hair will fall out before the mature hair comes in, so hair loss occurring in the first 6 months generally isn’t a cause for concern.

2. Produce record-breaking hiccups

Watching your baby’s entire body jump when their hiccups start can be, well… startling. While these can look uncomfortable for your infant to endure, the Cleveland Clinic reassures that hiccups usually don’t bother babies and they’re especially common in newborns and infants. Hiccups are most likely caused by irritation to the diaphragm, and when this muscle spasms or cramps, we get the hiccups. The Cleveland Clinic suggests changing feeding positions, burping more frequently, or using a pacifier as the sucking motion to help calm the diaphragm.

3. Poop strange colors

Who knew observing our baby’s poop would occupy so much of our parental brains? (I sure didn’t.) When you first see your baby poop a fine shade of green, you might wonder if that’s totally normal. The Children’s Hospital of Colorado says common stool colors are any shade of brown, tan, yellow, or green. If you see poop that looks red, black, or white, talk to your pediatrician. It’s true, when your baby starts eating solid foods, their poop can change colors, but with any change, it’s good to check in with your doctor.

4. Break out like a teenager

We all hope our kids don’t grow up too fast, so what happens when your newborn’s face suddenly looks like a teenager’s? Around two weeks old, your baby can have a type of acne called “neonatal acne.” And according to the American Academy of Dermatology Association, 20% of newborns have this type of breakout, and you’ll notice tiny red bumps on their cheeks and nose. FYI: it can appear on their forehead, chin, scalp, and neck, too. This is totally normal and should go away on its own in a few weeks to a few months.

5. Make strange noises

Snorty, sniffly, and coughy may sound like names of Snow White’s friends, but, in fact, they’re a few of the peculiar sounds your baby can make. Texas Children’s explains one common noisemaker is caused by floppy tissue falling over the voice box and partially blocking the airway when a child breathes in. This is called “laryngomalacia” and is usually harmless. All the snorts and snarrfles your baby makes are common for their developing bodies, but if a strange snuffle gives you pause, remember you can always contact your pediatrician to explain your concern.

6. Rock and roll their head

If your child looks like they’re dreaming about heavy metal music with all their head-banging as they fall asleep, well… there’s a better explanation. Body rocking, head rolling, and head banging are ordinary ways for children to self-soothe. According to the Cleveland Clinic, these are common ways for kids to fall asleep and usually begin around the age of 6 months and can last into toddlerhood. The movement will appear repetitive, and babies do this because it feels rhythmic and comforting—like they felt in their mother’s womb.

If you feel your child’s head banging or head rolling is particularly intense or it’s causing injury, it’s a good idea to call your pediatrician. (You can even email them a short video.) And the Cleveland Clinic says, “Parents of certain children with other health issues—including developmental delay, neurological or psychological problems, autism spectrum disorder, or those who are blind—will need to be watchful of these behaviors, as they can (though rarely) lead to injury.”

7. Shed their skin

No, your baby is not part lizard, but it is weird to see small pieces of skin flake off their tiny bodies. Not to worry as The Mayo Clinic says it’s totally common for the top layer of a newborn’s skin to flake off shortly after birth. This is why you might notice dry peeling skin for the first few weeks of your little one’s life. This usually resolves on its own, and there are even home remedies to help like oatmeal baths and hypoallergenic lotions.

8. Experience sudden, jerky movements

Ever look at your baby only to think they suddenly seem like an outlandish symphony conductor from a Warner Bros. cartoon? If you’ve spotted your newborn’s arms flailing along with their head moving back suddenly and their legs extending out, this is standard for infants. According to the National Library of Medicine, the Moro (or startle) Reflex, is a normal involuntary protective motor response against abrupt disruption of body balance or extremely sudden stimulation. Basically, this occurs when your baby is surprised by a sound or movement. Swaddling your baby can help limit their response (should you need extra support), and by six months they should outgrow it.

9. Appear cross-eyed

While gazing lovingly into your newborn’s eyes, you might be surprised to find them staring back at you—cross-eyed. Take a breath and know that this is totally fine as it’s normal for an infant to appear cross-eyed for the first few months. The American Academy of Ophthalmology calls this “pseudostrabismus” and explains it’s common in babies from birth until about 18 months. Underdeveloped eye coordination and a baby’s growing facial features can contribute to your little one looking cross-eyed, but pseudostrabismus will improve over time. If you notice your little one’s eyes pointing in different directions (one eye looking straight ahead while the other turns in, out, up, or down) this is called “strabismus.” This condition can affect vision so an ophthalmologist should be consulted for treatment options.

10. Breathe weirdly

Babies breathe differently than adults. So, while you’re marveling at your sleeping newborn and you notice your little one’s breathing has increased or even stops breathing for several seconds, this is actually a thing. It’s called “periodic breathing,” and it means a baby’s breathing may not always be regular. Stanford Medicine Children’s Health says a newborn’s normal breathing rate is about 40 to 60 times per minute, and this may slow to 30 to 40 times per minute when the baby is sleeping. Periodic breathing will happen less as your baby grows and by the six-month mark, this phase should pass.

As you can see, babies do some weird stuff. But it’s good to know so much of the weirdness is a normal developmental progression for your little one. Always remember, you know your baby best, so, if at any time you want to clarify a concern about a new movement, grunt, or breathing habit, don’t hesitate to contact your doctor for help and support.

What Can My Newborn See?

In these first few weeks your newborns’ retinas are developing and their pupils are widening, allowing them to see larger shapes, patterns, and some colors. They tend to focus on objects that are close to them—about 8 to 10 inches from their face. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), newborns are able to use their peripheral vision to sense things beside them, but their overall vision will still take months to develop.

In their first month, newborns are only able to see in black, white, and shades of gray, making them particularly sensitive to bright lights. That’s why it’s crucial if your infant is jaundiced that you use protective eyewear when using a biliblanket.

What does this mean for parents? Introducing your infant to black-and-white toys, books, and flashcards during this time can help them develop their optic nerves without overstimulating them. Bold, contrasting images are easier for them to see, and focus on, helping their eye muscles coordinate with the brain.

Your pediatrician will examine your baby’s eyes and check for anything that seems out of the ordinary during your first visits. They might refer you to an ophthalmologist for a more comprehensive exam if your baby was born prematurely or you have a family history of childhood eye disease.

What Babies Can See at 2-4 Months

At this age it’s totally normal for your baby’s eyes to appear crossed or even wander from side to side. Don’t panic! This is called pseudostrabismus, and it’s common in babies up to about 18 months old. As your child starts to grow into their features this usually goes away.

The American Optometric Association (AOA) notes that it’s around the two-month mark that babies are able to follow a moving object with their eyes. They will also start to focus on your face or the face of someone near them. If you do not notice this happening, talk with your pediatrician.

You can help your child build up their hand-eye coordination by using a rattle or toy and have them track it with their eyes. Encourage them to grab for objects and toys that are about eight to 12 inches out of reach.

Related: When Is the Right Time to Pierce a Baby’s Ears?

What Babies Can See at 5-8 Months

Blue? Hazel? Brown? It takes about a year for your baby’s eye color to settle, but any color changes will slow down around the six-month mark. During this time your baby’s depth perception is more fully developed, and they can see objects around them in more vivid detail. Their color vision is also developing and they might recognize your face from across a room and smile. It’ll make your heart swoon the first time it happens (ok, and all the other times too).

As your baby learns to crawl in these next few months, their vision will continue to grow stronger as they perfect their hand-eye coordination. Playing peekaboo and using mirrors is not only a great way to bond with your child, but these games help strengthen their vision and cognitive skills. Hanging a mobile in their crib also helps with hand-eye coordination.

A second eye screening should be done some time between the ages of six and 12 months. Your child’s pediatrician, or other health care professional, can explain what to expect during this exam.

What Babies Can See at 9-12 Months

Once your baby hits nine months, they should be able to judge distances and grasp for things with their thumb and forefinger. Ask your pediatrician for age-appropriate activities you can do with your baby to help develop their vision as they pass their first birthday.

When to Be Concerned

Remember, vision problems in babies are rare, however, there are times when problems may arise. Talk to your pediatrician if you notice your child has excessive tears, as this may be a sign of blocked tear ducts. Additionally, red or crusty eyelids could indicate an eye infection and should be treated right away.

Strabismus, or crossed eyes, is when the eyes do not line up properly and look in different directions. One eye may look straight ahead while the other eye turns in, out, up, or down. If your child’s eyes do not appear to align around four months, talk to your pediatrician about seeing an ophthalmologist.

1. They gaze at you.

Newborns don’t see particularly well—they’re highly sensitive to bright light, and for their first two months, their eyes often do not work together very well, according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology. But as the weeks go by, they’ll gain the ability to focus on objects that are close, and along with bright colors and large shapes, they’re fascinated by faces, particularly those of their caregivers. “Infants are drawn to faces, and when they’re being fed in particular, they’ll stare up at you and it’s a loving experience,” says Dr. Joanne Cummings, a clinical psychologist in private practice in Toronto. Get up close and let them take in all the features of your face, as they build up the connection between you and all the good things in life that you bring them.

Related: Hang in There: 25 Things New Moms Need to Hear

2. They turn toward your voice.

Despite being surrounded by fluid, infants can hear sounds when inside the womb, and they fall in love with the comforting consistency of their mother’s heartbeat and voice. Once they’re on the outside, your voice continues to represent comfort and security during a time of chaos and change. That’s why you might notice that your little one turns their head toward you when you speak, even when being held by another caregiver they love.

3. They love your cuddles.

When your baby is tired, upset, or overstimulated, do they calm right down if you scoop them up and hold them close? Or, even better, nuzzle their head into your neck a little? That’s love, baby! Your little one is saying they want and need your comfort. “In the newborn stage, babies are generally more comforted when they’re held by an attachment figure like mom or dad,” says Cummings. “As they get better control of their bodies, that’s when you can see them snuggle into you or caress you during feeding.” Of course, not all babies are cuddlers, and if yours rejects the snuggles it most certainly doesn’t mean they don’t love you or that there’s anything wrong with them. Physical touch might not be their love language—or at least not at this stage in their life—and that’s OK.

4. They smile at you.

There’s maybe nothing sweeter in the world than your baby’s first smiles. They usually show up around the six-week mark, give or take, but around four months is when babies will smile to engage you and show their love. “Often in the first weeks, they smile when they’re dreaming, or some say it’s because of gas, but after six weeks, when they’re looking at you directly and smile, you’ll know it’s a social smile,” says Cummings.

How you respond to those smiles is important. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, responding quickly and enthusiastically lets babies know they’re important to you and can trust you. It also shows you’re interested in and value them, which contributes to their developing self-esteem.

Related: 10 Totally Typical (but Weird) Things That Babies Do

5. They’re comforted by your smell.

It may seem strange that a tiny baby—who barely knows night from day and literally doesn’t realize their hands belong to them—could recognize and be comforted by a specific odor, but science proves it. In one study, crying newborns were presented with an article of clothing that smelled like their mom and they stopped crying, while a clean piece of clothing didn’t do a thing. In another study, babies showed a distinct preference for a cotton swab with their mother’s breast milk on it. Your baby loves your scent because they love you!

6. They’re sad when you leave.

Although it can break your heart when your baby reaches and cries for you as you’re leaving, it’s also pretty strong evidence of their love and attachment. “This occurs over the first 18 months of life that they become distressed when you leave,” says Cummings. Just don’t be surprised if they freak out when you return, too, like when you pick your baby up from daycare and they cry hysterically. They definitely aren’t upset that you’re back. Rather, Cummings says they’re more likely just overwhelmed by their big emotions—and those most definitely include their love for you.

Baby’s first holiday season is pure magic, and we’ve got the best newborn baby gifts to make it extra special for all the 0 to 6-month-olds on your list. You’ll find tummy-time faves, educational toys, and cuddly stuffies to love on. Shopping for lots of littles? Check out our gift guides for one-year-olds and 18- to 24-month-olds.

Oball Pineapple Teether Toy

Almost 40,000 Amazon parents agree that your baby will love this pineapple teether toy. The easy-grasp Oball base with finger holes helps baby practice their reaching and grasping, and the green teether on top helps soothe sore gums.

Oball Pineapple Teether Toy ($4.99)—Buy Here!

Melissa & Doug Ocean Easy-Fold Play Gym

This brand-new wooden play gym grows with your babe, from black and white to full color and with plenty of new friends to explore: squeaky crab, crinkle starfish, vibrating octopus, and turtle mirror. Plus, just look at the face on that manta ray (you can’t not smile).

Melissa & Doug Ocean Easy-Fold Play Gym ($114.99)—Buy Here!

Newton Baby Travel Crib and Play Yard

There are so many play yards to choose from, but they don't stack up to the Travel Crib and Play Yard from Newton Baby. Washable, breathable, and including the biggest play surface out there (2x bigger than the competitor!). What more could you and your sweet babe ask for?

Newton Baby Travel Crib and Play Yard ($199.99+)—Buy Here!

Momcozy DreamSync Sound Machine

Introducing the sound machine of your dreams! With lights inspired by nature and over 30 sounds to choose from, your little one will drift off to sleep listening to calming sounds they love and begin to learn sleep cues from their personal sound and light combinations. This gift for baby is also a gift of a good night’s sleep for parents.

Momcozy DreamSync Sound Machine ($79.99)-Buy Here

KiwiCo Sensory Solar System Set

Chomp away on Saturn’s rings, cuddle up to a sun lovey, make a spaceship wobble, or see what noise the galaxy rattle can make—there’s just so much to do with this stellar sensory set. Top it off by meeting a friendly little ball of gas in the Hello, Star! book.

KiwiCo Sensory Solar System Set ($59.95)—Buy Here!

Owlet Dream Duo 2

There's nothing we care about more than keeping an eye on our little ones. The Owlet Dream Duo 2 includes the first-of-its-kind FDA-Cleared Dream Sock and Owlet Cam 2, so you'll be able to get a deeper understanding of your baby through real-time health readings and notifications when they need their attention, all while viewing your baby in HD clarity from anywhere with a WiFi connection.

Owlet Dream Duo 2 ($399.99)—Buy Here!

Indestructibles: Taste the Fruit! Book

Board books can be challenging when your baby’s in their I’m-drooling-and-everything’s-just-wet phase, but not this one! They can dribble and drool all over colorful bananas, apples, and more without harming the portable, lightweight book.

Indestructibles: Taste the Fruit! Book ($5.57)—Buy Here!

Wonderbly Personalized Baby Books

Talk about a keepsake! Wonderbly's beautifully illustrated personalized books for babies are the perfect way to commemorate their first holiday season. With titles like When Jack Was Born and Welcome to the World, Katy, all available to add your little one's name to, there are so many to choose from that'll be treasured for years to come.

Wonderbly Personalized Baby Books ($39.99+)—Buy Here!

NogginStik Developmental Light-up Rattle

It’s never too early to learn, and this rattle is proof. It looks kind of hilarious but the NogginStik has a powerful agenda: it lights up in different colors to nurture visual tracking, offers fun textures for grasping and feeling, and makes a rattling sounds when shaken.

NogginStik Developmental Light-up Rattle ($24.99)—Buy Here!

Loulou Lollipop Muslin Swaddle

We’re smitten by the superhero dog print on this luxuriously soft swaddle, perfect for keeping baby cozy while they sleep, acting as a light blanket in their stroller, or—dare we say—mopping up the odd puddle of spit up.

Loulou Lollipop Superhero Dog Muslin Swaddle ($25)—Buy Here!

Etta Loves Keith Haring Sensory Bath Toys

These supersize bath toys are high contrast, soft to hold, and big enough for tiny paws to grab—just how babies like them. The natural rubber is also satisfying to gnaw on and fully sealed so no bathtime nasties get in.

Etta Loves Keith Haring Sensory Bath Toys ($40)—Buy Here!

Afro Unicorn Made of Magic Soft Book

Now even tinier children of color can see themselves represented in the three beloved unicorns their big siblings and cousins have come to love. The magical little book packs plenty of on-the-go fun, from a textured teether and crinkle pages to a gold plush heart.

Afro Unicorn Made of Magic Soft Book ($9.98)—Buy Here!

Rainbow Silicone Stacking Toy

When baby’s this wee their rainbow will just be a pretty thing to look at in the nursery or playroom. But as they grow, there is so much you can do with the pretty pieces, from figuring out how they fit as a rainbow to stacking them and making pictures.

Rainbow Silicone Stacking Toy ($16.99)—Buy Here!

Melissa & Doug Bubble Tea Take-Along Toy

From the stroller to their car seat, babies will love this clip-on 5-in-1 toy. As they get to know each of the components, from a mirror and bell to the plush whipped cream, you’ll actually be able to get some stuff done. Definitely one of the cutest newborn baby gifts this year.

Melissa & Doug Bubble Tea Take-Along Toy ($11.99)—Buy Here!

Moulin Roty Trois Petits Lapins Musical Box

This whimsical music box is giving 19th-century European nursery and we’re here for it—even if baby can’t appreciate its charm. What your infant will love is watching the two figurines on top dance and spin around while the music plays, almost like magic.

Moulin Roty Trois Petits Lapins Musical Box ($38)—Buy Here!

Moonjax Soothe Rubber Teether

Parents love this easy-to-grasp teether almost as much as their little ones—hence the almost 5-star rating on Amazon from more than 3,700 fans. Its design offers lots of chewy rubber and prevents gagging, plus there are no sneaky spots for bacteria to live.

Moonjax Soothe Rubber Teether ($14.99)—Buy Here!

Angel Dear Pair and a Spare Frog Loveys

Your kids will snuggle these impossibly soft loveys for years and years, and there’s something just so delightful about the little frog. This clever kit sets baby up with backups just in case a favorite friend goes missing—or laundry day comes around at the wrong time.

Angel Dear Pair and a Spare Frog Loveys ($44)—Buy Here!

Soft Tummy Time Book and Mirror

Tummy time can be such a drag, but your newborn’s sure to be entertained by this multifaceted gift. Your tot can have a tummy party with themselves thanks to the mirror, make some new animal friends on the soft pages, squish the crinkly paper and play with other textures, and attack the gummy orange teether.

Soft Tummy Time Book and Mirror ($35)—Buy Here!

Plan Toys Sensory Tumbling Set

Each of these adorable tumbling balls stimulates a different sense—red is touch, with its fluffy stuffing; blue is sound, thanks to three clanking balls; and with a mirror hiding inside, yellow is sight. And baby? Well, baby is endlessly entertained.

Plan Toys Sensory Tumbling Set ($25)—Buy Here!

Wimmer Sensory Fun-Damentals Gift Set

This set promises to tickle all of your tot’s senses—and might just delight your aesthetic, too. You’ll find a mirror with teething nubs, a discovery ball, a sensory soft book, and a ribbon ring. We’re also big fans of the cute tote bag that’s included to hold all the toys.

Wimmer Sensory Fun-Damentals Gift Set ($50)—Buy Here!

Discoverosity Soft Baby Activity Book

Who could resist touching those colourful, textured pages?! This Montessori-inspired soft book encourages sensory exploration with its high-contrast black-and-white patterns, crinkle pages, a mirror, a teething ring, ribbons, and more.

Discoverosity Soft Baby Activity Book ($15)—Buy Here!

Tummy Time Water Mat

Tummy time doesn’t have to mean tears, especially when you’ve got a pint-sized water bed for baby to lie on with built-in entertainment. They’ll love watching the little toys move around in the water and taking in the colorful under-the-sea visuals.

Tummy Time Water Mat ($14.99)—Buy Here!

Lulujo Puppy Dog Security Blankets

I guess we’re suckers for a puppy print! These security blankets are a silky soft lovey alternative that gives serious Linus vibes. Stash the extra for the day when something inevitably happens to the first (it will) and you need a backup.

Lulujo Puppy Dog Security Blankets ($19.99)—Buy Here!

Fisher Price Kick & Play Piano Gym

From the freshest newborns kicking the piano unexpectedly to toddlers toting around the piano attachment like a boom box, this parent-approved play mat has serious staying power. More than 80 songs, sounds, and phrases help teach about colors, animals, and more.

Fisher Price Kick & Play Piano Gym ($39.88)—Buy Here!

Rub-a-Dub Dinos! Color Magic Bath Book

You can’t look at these illustrations and not smile, and same goes for baby when they see the black-and-white pictures magically turn colorful in the warm bath water. From gardening and skateboarding to surfing and walking pets, these dinos do it all.

Mudpuppy Rub-a-Dub Dinos! Color Magic Bath Book ($9.99)—Buy Here!

Curious Baby Activity Cards

This is truly a gift for first-time parents Googling “How to entertain a two-month-old” at 3 a.m. The convenient flip guide developed by pediatricians takes parents through games and activities that contribute to five different areas of a baby’s development, from birth to one year.

Curious Baby Activity Cards ($35)—Buy Here!

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What are the risks of placing an infant to sleep on their stomach?

The main reason safe sleep guidelines recommend placing an infant on their back when you put them to sleep is because it reduces the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). “Evidence suggests that when infants are placed on the stomach to sleep, decreased movements and decreased airflow cause an increase in carbon dioxide near the mouth and nose area, potentially causing respiratory suppression,” Dr. Siddiqui explains. By creating a safe sleep space and placing your baby on their back to sleep, you’re significantly reducing their risk of SIDS—knowledge that should help parents sleep better through the night, too.

Some parents think there are risks associated with back sleeping, like their little ones being more likely to choke if they spit up or to develop flat head syndrome (or plagiocephaly). But both are unfounded, according to the safe to sleep guidelines from the National Institute of Health. When babies sleep on their backs, their trachea is positioned above the esophagus, making it hard for fluids to travel against gravity and cause them to choke, whereas on their stomachs the trachea is beneath the esophagus and it’s easier for fluids to make their way to the lungs. Either way, babies very rarely choke in their sleep. Flat heads are also not a concern if your tot is doing tummy time and moving around during the day—plus, they typically resolve themselves.

What should you do if your infant rolls onto their stomach at night?

This is a tough one, because while ‘back to sleep’ is definitely best, babies will start repositioning themselves at some point—and the answer isn’t necessarily to roll them over every time it happens. If your baby has the strength and coordination to roll one way (from back to stomach), they’ll soon develop the ability to roll back over again, at which point you can confidently let them sleep in any position they like after placing them down on their back. You can reposition them if you want, but it’s okay to let them move around in their sleep. Don’t be tempted by products that claim to keep babies positioned on their backs, as they have not been proven safe and may actually increase risk.

“I do not recommend anything in the crib area including bumpers, blankets, sleep positioners, or [weighted] sleep sacks as these could lead to potential suffocation in infants,” Siddiqui says. Non-weighted sleep sacks are fine, she confirms, but any sort of weighted blanket or sleepwear poses a threat to your infant’s safety.

Should you stop swaddling your baby once they start rolling over?

Yes—once your baby is on the move, a sleep sack (or a cozy sleeper and no sleep sack) is safer than swaddling, experts agree. The Safe Sleep guidelines advise that you should stop swaddling your infant once they’re able to roll over, reminding parents that swaddling your baby doesn’t actually reduce their risk of SIDS.

Related: 8 Dos & Don’ts of Baby Sleep (So Everyone Gets More Rest)

Essentially, once an infant can roll onto their stomach, they need to be able to roll back—something they may not be able to do if restricted by a swaddle blanket. The NIH affirms Siddiqui’s view that parents should avoid weighted sleep sacks and swaddles, which have not been proven safe for use. Not only do these products restrict movement, they may restrict an infant’s ability to breathe by placing added weight on their bodies. This is particularly dangerous because infants’ rib cages are still developing in those early months, which makes it harder for them to expand their chests and breathe properly. The best sleep environment for an infant is one that’s basically empty—just your baby in a crib or bassinet, in their pajamas, with nothing else on or around them.

So, when exactly can babies sleep on their stomachs?

There’s no magic age, but most infants develop the ability to roll from their front to their back when they’re between four months and six months old (at which point the risk of SIDS drops significantly). You should still place your baby on their back at bedtime, but once they’ve reached this stage, it’s normal for them to reposition themselves throughout the night. If you’ve created a safe sleep environment that follows medical advice, you don’t need to worry about this movement. We all move in our sleep to find the comfiest position—babies included! The guidelines recommend putting your babe down on their back until their first birthday.

What other risks should be avoided?

While ‘back to sleep’ is the best-known safe sleep strategy, there are other ways parents can reduce risk. In addition to putting babies to sleep on their backs, it’s best to keep them away from secondhand smoke at all times and make sure they aren’t too warm at night, as overheating is thought to contribute to some cases of SIDS. Respiratory illnesses are another potential risk factor, so consider asking visitors if they’ve been unwell recently before letting them get close to your little one.

There are also ways to lower your child’s risk of SIDS by supporting their physical development. “Babies usually learn to roll from stomach to back, and then back to stomach as they become stronger,” Dr. Siddiqui says. “Tummy time is essential in this process.” By practicing tummy time with your baby, you’re helping them develop the core strength and coordination they need to roll safely from their stomach to their back. It’s not just about preventing a flat head—it’s also a safe sleep strategy!

And while bed-sharing isn’t recommended, room-sharing is. The Mayo Clinic suggests having your infant sleep in the same room as you, but not in the same bed, for a minimum of six months. Exclusively breastfeeding your baby (or giving them pumped breast milk) has also been linked to lower instances of SIDS—the longer you breastfeed, the lower the risk is, though the exact reason is unclear.

Sweet dreams for baby and parents

Getting your baby to sleep through the night may be a challenge, but at the end of the day, safe sleep habits are simple: place your infant on a firm, flat surface, avoid loose materials and weighted products, and always remember ‘back to sleep’ when positioning your child in their crib. If you have additional questions, Dr. Siddiqui suggests reaching out to your family doctor for answers and advice. “It’s essential to practice safe sleep practices with all infants,” she says. Talk to your child’s care provider, ask those questions, follow medical guidelines, and know that you’re doing a great job creating a safe sleep space for your baby.

The study, published in the medical journal Pediatrics, found that babies and toddlers may not recognize when noise exposure gets to be hazardous for them, and they need to rely on adults to remove them from those situations. But personal listening devices, including sound machines, are increasingly common—and they can damage kids’ hearing when they’re exposed to high levels of noise over the long term.

“What families may not realize is that children are exposed to potentially harmful noise from infancy and that the effects are cumulative over a lifetime. The AAP recommends that parents and caregivers consider that if an environment sounds too loud for an adult, it probably is too loud for a child. ‘Too loud’ can mean having to raise your voice to speak with someone just an arm’s length away,” the AAP said in a statement.

ABC News medical correspondent Dr. Darien Sutton told Good Morning America that this revelation means that millions of kids may be at risk of some form of hearing loss.

“One of the reasons why is because children have smaller ear canals. That exposes them to intensification of that higher frequency sound and [makes] them at risk for damage,” Sutton explained. “The Academy of Pediatrics recommends, for example, that nurseries have a volume maximum of around 50 decibels. That’s a volume that you and I can speak at without raising our voice. Most of these machines go above that. So if you’re going to use them, turn that volume down, place it away from the bed at least seven feet, and make sure that you give limits.”

Dr. Nilong Vyas, a pediatrician at Sleepless in NOLA and medical review expert at SleepFoundation.org also weighed in on the matter: “It’s appropriate for children to use sound machines when they are first learning to sleep through the night. However, once they achieve that milestone (as early as 4-6 months), parents should consider reducing the use of sound machines and only using them when necessary, such as during loud outdoor events like thunderstorms or fireworks,” she said. “In my view, constant sound input is not a healthy habit to encourage and may have negative consequences, but parents should not be made to feel guilty about their choices.” And, honestly, we can’t stress that last point enough. Review all of the info and guidelines and then do what works best for your family.

The best postpartum foods to eat are ones that provide essential nutrients to support your recovery. Not only do they nourish and give you energy, but they also offer ample calories to keep you satiated between newborn feeds (and cuddles). As a dietitian, I recommend these 7 foods to support new moms and help them feel their best.

1. Salmon

Salmon is a top pick because it’s packed with omega-3s to help reduce inflammation, and lean protein to assist in repairing stretched and torn tissues. When you’re in a pinch, try roasting it with garlic salt, pepper, and a drizzle of olive oil. Or whip up some quick salmon rice bowls by baking it with teriyaki sauce, sesame oil, and fresh garlic. If you have an air-fryer, try this drool-worthy salmon bites recipe (the cook time is less than 10 minutes!).

Related: 13 Salmon Recipes Perfect for Weeknight Dinners

Plant-based sources of omega-3s include chia seeds, flaxseeds, hemp seeds, and walnuts. If you follow a vegetarian diet, consider sprinkling chia and hemp seeds on cottage cheese, using ground flaxseed as a substitute for eggs in baked goods, or tossing walnuts into salads or pasta dishes.

2. Oats

Make carbs count with oats, which are loaded with protein, fiber, and iron. Keep it simple with stovetop oatmeal or overnight oats, and if you’re feeling creative, try oatmeal muffins or chunky monkey banana bread, which both freeze well too. Plus, while research is still limited, oats can potentially increase milk supply, which can be a lifesaver for breastfeeding moms.

3. Nuts and nut butter

When you’re running on fumes from caring for your newborn, spending hours in the kitchen is likely the last thing on your mind. Nuts are the ultimate no-fuss power snack, packed with healthy fats and protein. Plus, they’re calorie-dense, and postpartum moms need those extra calories to support recovery. Slather peanut butter on toast, dunk apple slices in creamy almond butter, or toss a handful of nuts into a salad for a satisfying crunch. If you’re craving some comfort food, incorporate nuts into dishes like Thai peanut curry and cashew chicken, or use this peanut butter sauce as a marinade for proteins, a salad dressing, or a dipping sauce for spring rolls. 

4. Beef

Whether you prefer ground beef, skirt steak, or brisket, they’re all fantastic sources of iron which helps replenish blood loss from labor. My fave method for cooking beef is using the Crock-Pot or slow cooker—just toss it in, forget about it, and it’s ready for dinner. Try making beef stew, spaghetti bolognese, or this easy slow-cooker brisket recipe, which are all nutrient-rich options that require minimal effort. 

If you’re looking for vegan foods that are iron-rich, add beans, lentils, tofu, and quinoa into your meals. I love this simple slow-cooker Mediterranean lentil stew and this stir-fry recipe that includes both tofu and quinoa.

5. Eggs

Not only are eggs one of the most affordable animal proteins, but they’re also among the quickest to prepare. They’re rich in protein, vitamin D for immune support, and choline which supports brain development in breastfed babies. Enjoy them hard-boiled, scrambled, or poached, or incorporate them into dishes like veggie fried rice or Middle-Eastern shakshuka.

Looking for quick-to-prepare plant-based proteins? Try edamame, lentil pasta, tempeh, or crispy chickpeas.

6. Avocado 

With a whopping 10 grams of fiber per cup and loads of magnesium, avocados are an essential food when you’re dealing with postpartum constipation. Both fiber and magnesium promote regular bowel movements, offering gentle relief during this phase. Blend avocados into smoothies for an extra creamy texture, dip some veggies guacamole or avocado salsa, or snack on some avocado chocolate mousse for a delicious treat.

7. Greek yogurt

I’m a big fan of Greek yogurt because it’s packed with protein and serves as an excellent source of calcium, which is crucial for replenishing lost stores during pregnancy and maintaining strong bones. Opt for unsweetened varieties, and if you’re craving a touch of sweetness you can always add a drizzle of honey or maple syrup. For a quick and delicious breakfast option, throw together a breakfast parfait with alternating layers of Greek yogurt, berries, and granola. And if you find yourself with some extra time between naps, experiment with recipes like a berry yogurt bake or this creamy Caesar salad-dressing alternative. 

Games for Babies: 0-3 Months

1. Imitation Game

Your face is your baby’s favorite thing to look at. Keep it about a foot away from your newborn so they see you properly, and then stick out your tongue or form an O with your mouth. Before you know it, baby will copy you. Bonus points for making silly noises to go along with your expressions.

2. Singing

Newborns might not be able to see you from across the room, but they can hear you, and they recognize (and love) your voice. Sing a lullaby or “Wheels on the Bus,” belt out your favorite song or commercial jingle, or make up a song about your daily activities. It doesn’t matter if you’re out of tune, your voice gives your baby comfort and joy.

3. Flashcards

While even the smartest newborn nerd isn’t ready for math or reading flashcards yet, simple images from cards or books get their attention. Black and white images, simple patterns and bright colors are easiest for them to see at this age. They also love images of other babies. All you have to do is hold up the card, point at the picture, and talk about the image. Or put it down in front of them to explore during tummy time.

4. Hanging Toys

Your little one might not be reaching out for toys yet, but looking at them is one of their favorite baby games. Hang a mobile above the crib or find an activity gym with hanging toys and lay baby on their back to enjoy. Baby-safe mirrors are great, too. Babies won’t know it’s their face, but that won’t dampen their enthusiasm for staring at it or reaching out for it.

5. Repetitive Routine

While the endless cycle of eating, burping, sleeping, diapers and baths may not be thrilling for you, it’s your baby’s whole world. Add some fun to the routine by singing a song during bath time, dancing after a diaper change, or stopping to look at framed photos of family members. Whatever you do, the key is doing it consistently.

Related: Baby Games: 7 Sure-Fire Ways to Amuse Your Baby

Games for Babies: 4-6 Months

6. Interactive Stories

Your little one is a bit more responsive at this age. Change up those simple newborn activities for slightly more interactive baby games. This is a great time to introduce games like “This Little Piggy.” They don’t require independent movement from baby, but kids find the story super fun.

7. Moving Tummy Time

Put tummy time in motion to mix things up. Once your baby has pretty good head control, lay them on their stomach on a small blanket. Then slowly pull them around the room. Make motor or train noises for even more silly fun.

8. Blowing Bubbles

You don’t need to wait until baby’s old enough to chase after bubbles to introduce then. At this age, babies are starting to see better, so they will be fascinated with the moving rainbows of bubbles. Blow the bubbles near them but not directly at them to keep the soap out of their eyes.

9. Echo Noises

When your baby makes a happy noise, make one back. If they blow bubbles with their lips, blow some back. You’ll get big smiles real quick from this imitation game.

10. How Big Is Baby?

It’s amazing how fast those early months fly by. Your six-month-old will seem huge in comparison with how little they were just a few months ago, making the classic “How Big Is Baby?” game all the more poignant. To play, hold baby’s hands and ask in a sweet voice, “How big is baby?” Then put their hands up over their head and say, “This big!” Mix it up by replacing “big” with different adjectives smart, sweet, etc.

Games for Babies: 7-9 Months

11. Patty Cake

You don’t need to retire those songs from the newborn stage, but continue to up the game with tunes that have motions and finger play to go along with them. Start by showing the motions to songs like “Patty Cake,” “Itsy-Bitsy Spider” and “Wheels on the Bus.” You can also help babies do the motions with their hands.

12. Peekaboo

By now your baby is beginning to have an understanding of object permanence, knowing that when things are out of sight, they aren’t gone forever. If your little one hasn’t already discovered the joy that is peekaboo, this is the perfect time to try it out. Hide your face behind your hands, hide baby’s face behind your hands, or pop out from behind a door or curtain. You can also hide or partially hide objects (like putting a musical toy under a blanket) to see if your child will look for them.

13. Flying Baby

At this age, your baby should have enough control and strength for some flying time on your knees. Lay flat on your back or slightly propped up on a pillow. Use your bent legs to support your baby’s body, hold their hands, and gently fly them around. You can go up and down, side-to-side or a combination of the two. Sound effects and silly songs are mandatory with this activity.

14. Roll the Ball

Once your child is able to sit, sit across from them and roll a ball toward them. At first, baby probably won’t roll it back, but they might pick it up and play with it or chew on it. When they lose interest in the ball, pick it up and roll it back to them to start the game over. Eventually, they’ll be rolling it back to you.

Related: The Smart Parents’ Guide to Montessori Toys for Babies & Toddlers

Games for Babies: 10-12 Months

15. Sensory Boxes

Nothing is more fun for your older baby than taking things out of a box and putting them back in. Fill a box or bin with a combination of balls, soft blocks, small books, scarves or baby-safe household items like a wooden spatula. Look for objects that have different textures and are big enough not to be choking hazards. Show your child how to take things out of the box and put them back in. It won’t be long before they’re dumping out and rearranging every box they can get their hands on, not to mention your purse and diaper backpack.

16. Obstacle Course

Let the baby games begin! Chances are your little explorer is on the move, or ready to be soon. Whether scooting, crawling, walking or full-on climbing, a baby-appropriate pillow obstacle course is a good energy burner. Set out couch cushions or pillows all around the floor. Demonstrate how to climb over, around or peek under them and then watch your kid go.

17. Dance Time

There are so many ways to enjoy dancing with your baby. You don’t have to stick to baby music; play your favorite tunes if you’d like. Sit on the floor together and bop your head and body or pretend to play an instrument. Baby might not be ready for air guitar yet, but it won’t take much prompting to get them bopping along to the beat. You can also hold baby in your arms and spin in slow circles or sway back and forth. Or sit them in your lap and bounce them on your knees in time to the music.

18. Stack & Attack

Stacking cups, stacking rings and blocks are a favorite for your almost one-year-old. In fact, any items that can be put on top of one another and knocked back down without breaking are fair game. Try plastic storage containers, empty yogurt containers, or small boxes and bring in your little destructor to hulk-smash them down.

19. Bath Splash

A few plastic cups, clean sponges and washcloths add baby thrills to the nightly bath. Use the cups to show how they can be filled with water and them emptied. Squeeze the sponges and washcloths on baby’s belly. Show baby how to smack the water to make a big noise.

20. Make Noisemakers

Fill a clear plastic container with dry beans or rice. Give it a shake and roll it along the floor to show your baby how to make music with it. Add a few colored pom poms to the container to make the shaking even more interesting for your baby.

Related: Play All Day: 20 Sensory Play Ideas for Babies & Toddlers